Part I

Scenario:

Madam Suba is a 52-year-old woman who was diagnosed with Type II Diabetes Mellitus 6 months ago, during a health routine check-up.  She takes no specific medication for her diabetes and has been advised by her doctor to be careful with her food intake.  She was distressed to discover that she was diagnosed with Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

She was so disturbed and did not seek any further treatment.  Though, she was controlling her food well and was doing her exercise regularly. Often, her knee pains did not let her moves freely. Mentally, she became emotional due to her disabilities. Thus, she lost her focus on proper diet. She starts consume sugary drinks and unhealthy food. Her motive was to lose weight and bring the blood sugar down.

On checking, her blood glucose level was 22.9 mmol/L [Normal: 3.9-6.1 mmol/L] and HbA1c: 11% [normal <6.5%]. She felt that she is feeling stressed due to the blood test result.

She was admitted and on admission the following vital sign results were recorded:

Requirement:

1. Describe the pathophysiology of Type II Diabetes Mellitus with links to Madam Suba’s case. Include in your answer with risk factors for Type II Diabetes Mellitus and the pathogenesis of Type II Diabetes Mellitus.
2. Elaborate complications of Type II Diabetes Mellitus and 3 levels of treatment options available for Type II Diabetes Mellitus for Madam Suba.
3. Discuss Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) conditions in Type I Diabetes Mellitus and Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Elaborate the physical symptoms of Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
4. Identify why Madam Suba’s Blood Glucose Level is high on admission in hospital. Discuss how each reason you identify affects Blood Glucose Levels.