Confucianism draws from two principal texts, The Mandate of Heaven and the Analects of Confucius. Kong Fuzi (551 – 479 BCE) fathered Confucianism, which emerged in the sixth century BCE. However, as the political climate of China became turbulent (referring to the Period of Warring States (403 – 221 BCE), devout disciples such as Mencius (372 – 289 BCE) and Xunzi (298 – 238 BCE) amplified and developed the teachings to fit the problems of the time. As set forth in the Mandate of Heaven, the main Confucian principles are outlined, such as ren (benevolence, virtue, and humanity), li (propriety, etiquette, and convention), xiao (filial piety, honor, and respect in relationships). The Confucian ideal of a junzi connotes the meaning of “gentleman, noble, or proper man,” defining one “of fixed principles” (Analects of Confucius).